• A rate limiting step in the generation of kynurenine and

  2025-01-26

  

  A rate-limiting step in the generation of kynurenine and xanthurenic RNase H inhibitor is the oxidation of N-formyl-kynurenine to l-kynurenine via indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO). IDO and/or TDO knockdown decreases and ectopic over-expression increases production of

• Adiponectin also suppresses inflammatory stimuli induced NF

  2025-01-26

  

  Adiponectin also suppresses inflammatory stimuli-induced NF-kappaB activation, which may significantly contribute to the anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects of adiponectin (Ouchi et al., 2000). The downstream mediators of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, RPPAR and AMPK increase inflammatory responses by

• Additional evidence for a putative role of COXs and

  2025-01-26

  

  Additional evidence for a putative role of COXs and 5-LOX in AD derives from pharmacological studies using inhibitors of these enzymes (for review, see Firuzi and Praticò, 2006). In addition to helping delineate the pathobiological mechanisms of AD, these results raise hope for discovering novel the

• For these reasons the role played by autophagy in

  2025-01-26

  

  For these reasons, the role played by autophagy in environmental neurotoxicity is not always easily determinable. Indeed, although the neuroprotective role of autophagy has been shown by several studies, sometimes induction of autophagy was associate with deleterious effects (Glick et al., 2010, Sri

• br Results br Discussion ER and GR play opposite phenotypic

  2025-01-26

  

  Results Discussion ER and GR play opposite phenotypic roles in the normal endometrium, with ER promoting growth and GR inhibiting growth. Here, we show that in endometrial cancer, GR expression is associated with worse outcomes and higher-grade tumors, and this association is observed only in

• Bioavailability has been defined as the amount of

  2025-01-26

  

  Bioavailability has been defined as the amount of a drug given by any route, other than intravenously, that reaches general circulation and is available at the site of action [86]. The low bioavailability observed with the initial intravaginal devices (16%) was attributed to the melting point of the

• In addition to calpain I activity cathepsin activities have

  2025-01-26

  

  In addition to calpain I activity, cathepsin activities have been proven to be linked to apoptotic signaling. Cathepsin B and cathepsin D are two of the most abundant and well-investigated lysosome acid-dependent proteases that are involved in the apoptotic regulation (Ferri & Kroemer, 2001). Cathep

• Apelin is involved in various physiological functions includ

  2025-01-26

  

  Apelin is involved in various physiological functions, including cisapride receptor contraction (Ashley et al., 2005), vasodilatation (Jia et al., 2007), feeding control (Valle et al., 2008), and metabolic homeostasis (Higuchi et al., 2007, Dray et al., 2008, Attane et al., 2010). Its plasma level

• br Introduction Sustained over activation of neurohormonal s

  2025-01-24

  

  Introduction Sustained over-activation of neurohormonal systems is a hallmark in the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF). Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin BTB06584 system (RAAS) constitute cornerstones of pharmacotherapy for HF wit

• While high fat diet models of insulin resistance are

  2025-01-24

  

  While high-fat diet models of insulin resistance are acceptable approaches for the study of pre-diabetes in humans, they are not suitable for modeling progression towards established type2 diabetes. The pattern of activation of the lipoxygenase pathway in pre-clinical models of type2 diabetes has no

• br Pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease Alzheimer

  2025-01-24

  

  Pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease Alzheimer disease is characterized by severe neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and progressive loss of cognitive abilities. The diagnostic criteria for dementia released by the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association define dementia as the deve

• Liao and van Linden et al divided

  2025-01-24

  

  Liao [47] and van Linden et al. [48] divided the gap between the N-terminal and C-terminal lobes into a front cleft or pocket, a gate area, and a back cleft. The back pocket corresponds to the gate area and the back cleft. The front cleft includes the Gly-rich loop, the hinge, the linker connecting

• br Conflict of interest statement br Introduction Currently

  2025-01-24

  

  Conflict of interest statement Introduction Currently, adenocarcinoma is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer. Activating mutations and translocations with a potential for targeted therapy are reported predominantly in non-smokers. ALK rearrangement is found in less than 5% of u

• br Materials and methods br Results

  2025-01-24

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions These studies provide important mechanistic insights to explain the long-established physiological observation that obese adipose tissue has higher rates of basal lipolysis. Increased lipolysis contributes to increased hepatic Defactin

• An alternative approach to the administration of ADO agonist

  2025-01-24

  

  An alternative approach to the administration of ADO agonists is to amplify the actions of endogenous ADO by inhibiting the ADO-metabolizing enzyme, ADO kinase (AK). Inhibition of AK has the net effect of potentiating the local concentration and the effects of ADO in the extracellular compartment. T

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