• A relatively independent review of the history of

  2021-12-23

  

  A relatively independent review of the history of the discovery of GABA (and L-glutamate) as neurotransmitters in the CNS can be found in ‘When and why amino acids?’ in the in 2010 by Kresimir Krnjevic , who spent a post-doc in Canberra in 1956–1958. Introduction The insect RDL GABA receptor is

• The Hippo pathway is a

  2021-12-23

  

  The Hippo pathway is a growth control signaling cascade that has been demonstrated to play an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation [5,6]. The core signaling pathway consists of a group of kinases which negatively regulate the expression of transcriptional co-activators

• The mode of action of m Tyr has not been

  2021-12-23

  

  The mode of action of m-Tyr has not been fully recognized. The primary/basic mechanism of action of m-Tyr is thought to be associated with the incorporation of this NPAA into the structure of proteins resulting in formation of dysfunctional proteins [11], [12]. m-Tyr is incorporated into proteins in

• Recent evidence suggests that HCA can also

  2021-12-23

  

  Recent evidence suggests that HCA2 can also mediate antineuroinflammatory effects [63]. Studies in this field were initiated when monomethyl fumarate, the metabolite of DMF, was shown to be an agonist of HCA2[5]. DMF at the same time was shown to not only have beneficial effects in the treatment of

• In addition during the preparation of this manuscript

  2021-12-23

  

  In addition, during the preparation of this manuscript, Oka et al. [7] demonstrated that LPA acts as receptor ligand for GPR35 and that LPA is more potent than KYNA in eliciting a calcium mobilization (EC50: 30nM vs. 39μM for LPA and KYNA, respectively). Other endogenous GPR35 ligands, therefore, mi

• As part of our discovery efforts

  2021-12-23

  

  As part of our discovery efforts searching for small molecule GPR119 agonists, we analyzed active pharmacophores of known agonists from the literature, and found that -methylsulfonylphenyl and substituted 4-hydroxyl piperidine are common fragments. In our initial efforts, we linked these two fragme

• Taken together specific antibodies and SR SIM used in the

  2021-12-23

  

  Taken together, specific p38 pathway and SR-SIM used in the study helped uniquely visualize the distribution of lymphocytes and macrophages with their molecular expression in human cochleae. Using SR-SIM, we verified that resident IBA1-positive macrophages are widely distributed in human cochlea (L

• Dendritic damage and loss of synaptic connections correlate

  2021-12-23

  

  Dendritic damage and loss of synaptic connections correlate with cognitive decline in HAND patients. Synapse loss induced by HIV proteins occurs early and via a different signaling pathway from that leading to neuronal death (Kim et al., 2008), suggesting that synapse loss might be a mechanism to re

• br A selective inhibitor of mammalian histone deacetylase

  2021-12-23

  

  A selective inhibitor of mammalian histone deacetylase, trichostatin A, reduces GnRH mRNA expression Epigenetic mechanisms controlling GnRH expression have been reported, and these mechanisms may be involved in the development and maturation of GnRH neurons in the brain (Gan et al., 2012, Kurian

• Previously localization studies have been conducted using an

  2021-12-23

  

  Previously, localization studies have been conducted using antibody-based detection of Pgp protein in tissues of Clade V nematodes. In transgenic C. elegans, Cel-Pgp-3 and Cel-Pgp-1 proteins localized to the apical membranes of the excretory and intestinal cells and the anterior pharynx (Broeks et a

• br Introduction Atherothrombosis is associated with the pres

  2021-12-23

  

  Introduction Atherothrombosis is associated with the presence of a low-grade, subclinical smoldering inflammatory response [1]. Several inflammatory markers, among them high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) [2], the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [3], fibrinogen concentrations [4], int

• The previous studies focused on the regulation of

  2021-12-23

  

  The previous studies focused on the regulation of GK activity by nutrients directly or nutritional hormones (Panserat et al., 2014), there was still a lack of studies paid attention to GK both in activity level and transcriptional level. Besides, the GK regulation by dietary Meropenem has been defi

• br Methods br Results br Discussion Previous

  2021-12-23

  

  Methods Results Discussion Previous work by the Hirano group investigated the effect of GIP in murine atherosclerotic models and found infusion of GIP (1–42) by osmotic mini-pumps to decrease lesion size after 4 weeks in non-diabetic as well as in diabetic ApoE−/− mice [8], [9]. Mechanistic

• br PEPCK This enzyme decarboxylates and

  2021-12-22

  

  PEPCK This enzyme decarboxylates and then phosphorylates oxaloacetate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the second step of gluconeogenesis after the carboxylation of pyruvate catalyzed by PC. PEPCK1 (PEPCK-C, encoded by the PCK1 gene) and PEPCK2 (PEPCK-M, encoded by the PCK2 gene) are two isof

• The ability of the vasculature

  2021-12-22

  

  The ability of the vasculature to determine the nature and magnitude of a stimulus is essential for the appropriate and proportionate response. The vascular response to injury include rapid changes to blood flow to reduce the loss of blood, followed by increased contact with the sub-endothelial laye

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